SEX LINKED DISEASE - COLOR BLINDNESS - COLOR BLIND TEST

COLOR BLINDNESS:

HOW IT LOOKS LIKE?

Color Blindness is a Sex Linked Inheritance found in human beings.A person suffering from Color Blindness has difficulty in distinguishing between different colors.There are several types of color blindness.The most common one is RED GREEN color blindness in which patient can not distinguish between Red an Green colors if both the colors are upon one another and it is rather more trait and more common in Males than in Females.

 

WHY COLOR BLINDNESS IS MORE COMMON IN MAN?

The reason behind that MALES are more color blind as compared to FEMALES is that the color blind receptor is present on X chromosome.There are two different condition in males and females:

COLOR BLINDNESS IN FEMALES:

Two X chromosomes are required from each parents to born a girl.
If a girl has to be color blind than she must get two defective X chromosomes from each parent i.e one color blind X from her father and other from her mother and the chances for this type of transfer is often very low that both the parents have defected X chromosomes and if a girl get one defective X and one  normal X than the normal chromosomes makes the defective one and she will not become Color Blind.

 COLOR BLINDNESS IN MALES:

On the other hand one X and one Y chromosome is required to born a boy i.e X from his mother and Y from his father because women does not have Y chromosome.
Now if a boy get defective X from his mother no matter if he gets normal Y from his father he will become color blind because males get only one X chromosome from mothers and he does not get another normal X chromosome which makes the defective one normal.
The color blindness in man totally depends upon what kind of X chromosome they get from their mothers as i have told you that the color blind receptors are present on X chromosomes if they get a defective chromosome than they will become color blind and if they get a normal one then nothing will happen.

NOTE: The Female who has one defective X gene is called Carrier.

This is the basic reason that why color blindness is more common in Males as compared to females.

COLOR BLIND TEST

Look onto this picture and try to recognize the numbers written in the colorful circles

WHAT DO YOU SEE??

INFLUENZA/ COLDS/ FLU:

CAUSE:

• Influenza is a viral disease, and commonly known as FLU.

• The virus MYXOVIRUS INFLUENZA causes it.

• COLDS are caused by the viral infections of upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.

• More than 200 of viruses that cause cold have been identified.

SYMPTOMS:

• Severe headache.

• Severe muscular pain.

• Sore throat.

• High fever.

• Sneezing and coughing. 

                                                          

PROCESS:

• Influenza appears after a few days incubation period.

• This is a very infectious disease and can easily pass from one person to another, when AIR BORNE DROPLETS enters the respiratory tract with air.

PRECAUTIONS/ CONTROL:

• Hygiene living and vaccination are the two best controls of this viral disease.

• Disease can be overcome by complete rest and taking painkillers. 

MEASLES

CAUSE:

• It occurs due to virus called RUBEOLA ,which enters the human body through RESPIRATORY TRACT.

 SYMPTOMS:

• Cough and headache.

• Inflammation of eyes and throat.

• Fever.

• Rashes spread all over the body.

• Common cold. 

PROCESS:

• When measles virus enters the blood stream, it causes the running nose, cough, headache, fever, and inflammation of eyes.

• Spots in the mouth are present for several days, before rashes come out and are diagnostic of measles.

• The patient is often very ill.

• The disease affects adults more seriously than children.

• The rashes of measles are pink brownish spread all over the body.

• It begins to fade after a few days but staining of the skin may persist for a week or two.

• The temperature also falls after a few days and by the end of the week the patient feels well again.

CONTROL:

MMR vaccines should be given to the children to develop immunity and resistance against the infections. Antibodies should be given to prevent secondary complications.

               

          

POLIOMYLITIS/ POLIO-INFECTIOUS DISEASE

(polio):

• Polio was a wide spread, crippling disease.

• It remains a serious and common disease in the tropics and in undeveloped parts of the world.

CAUSE OF POLIO:

• POLIO is a viral disease and caused by polio virus called POLIOMYLITIS.

• It is also called as INFANTILE PARALYSIS. 

SYMPTOMS OF POLIO: 

The initial symptoms of polio are:

• Cold with fever and headache.

• Vomiting.

• Stiffness of the neck and back.

• Spasm of a muscle.

• Indigestion.   

PROCESS OF INFECTION:

• The virus of Poliomylitis enters the digestive track through the mouth.

• From where it penetrates the blood vessel and finally reaches the nervous system.

• And where it destroys the nerve cells and cause paralysis.

PRECAUTION/CONTROL:

• Discharge from patient should be disinfected, because the infection of polio is transmitted with nose, throat and discharge of feces.

• The patient should be isolated and immediately hospitalized.

• Physiotherapy should be applied to restore the activity of the affected muscles.

• Polio is now largely under control by vaccination, and children must be immunized against this diseases with polio vaccine.

TETANUS:

CAUSE:

A spore forming bacteria called CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI causes tetanus.

 

SYMPTOMS:

• Pain full and violent contractions of body muscles.

• Lock jaw.

SOURCES:

• All kinds of injuries, burns and wounds.

• Umbilical cords/ stumps of newborn babies.

• Surgical sutures.

• Soil.

• Refuse of animals.

• Rusty metals like nails.

PROCESS:

• The spores enter through the different sources, eg. Wounds, burns etc.

• If the conditions are favorable, then these spores activate and start producing a TOXIN.

• The toxin affects the central nervous system and produce painful and violent contractions of the muscles.

• When muscles of the jaw are affected, the mouth cannot be opened and the patient is said to have lockjaw and results death from respiratory failure.

CONTROL/ PRECAUTIONS:

• Immunization with the vaccine controls tetanus.

• Vaccine stimulates the body to produce antitoxin to neutralize toxin.

• Penicillin is given to stop the growth of the bacteria and the production of toxin. 

BACILLARY DYSENTERY:

CAUSE:

The disease is caused by bacterium SHIGELLA.

 

SYMPTOMS:

• Fever.

• Diarrhea.

SOURCE:

• Food.

• Dirty fingers.

• Faeces.

• Flies.

PROCESS:

• The Bacterium of the genus SHIGELLA enters the intestinal tract of humans with the contaminated food and water, then the patients suffers from diarrhea.

• The stool contains blood, mucus and pus.

CONTROL:

• Improved personal hygiene, sanitation and fly control.

• Proper sewage disposal.

• Person suffering from this disease should not be allowed to handle food/ work in restaurants.

TYPHOID FEVER

CAUSE OF TYPHOID FEVER:

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacteria SALMONELLA TYPHOSA.

 

SYMPTOMS OF TYPHOID FEVER: 

The main symptoms of typhoid fever are:

• High fever.

• Headache.

• Inflammation of intestine.

SOURCES TYPHOID FEVER: 

The main sources of typhoid fever are:

• Refuse of patient.

• Flies carry the germs.

• Uncovered food.

PROCESS:

• The germs of this Typhoid enter the intestine of human body along with the food and water.

• Once a person is attacked by typhoid fever, he develops natural immunity against it.

CONTROL/ PRECAUTIONS: 

In order to minimize the intensity of typhoid fever

• Food should be covered.

• Proper medication should be given.

• Typhoid vaccine is to be used to create active immunity in the individual.

CHOLERA:

CAUSE:

• Cholera is a very infectious disease, generally erupt in epidemic form, during rainy seasons or after floods in any region and water food stuffs become contaminated.

• The bacterium VIBRIO COMMA enters through digestive tract and causes this disease.

SYMPTOMS:

• Vomiting.

• Severe diarrhea.

• Severe dehydration.

• Loss of minerals.

• Increased acidity in the patient blood.

SOURCES:

• Faeces of infected person.

• Contaminated water and food.

PROCESS:

• Cholera’s bacteria are passed out of the body of an infected person through their faeces.

• If the faeces contaminate that water, which is used for drinking, washing food etc, then the BACTERIUM can get in to another person’s body and cause cholera.

• The pathogenic bacteria produce a toxin, which affects the digestive system and cause severe diarrhea, which may leads to death.

PRECAUTIONS / CONTROL:

• The severity of the disease can be controlled with the intake plenty of water with ORS salt, which speeds up the rate of water absorption in intestine.

• Active immunization of population by the cholera vaccine.

• Faeces of the patient should be disposed off properly.

                     

TUBERCULOSIS

(T.B)

CAUSE:

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium called MYCOBACTETIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

 

SYMPTOMS:

• Prolonged coughing.

•  Constant fever.

• Chest pain.

• Fatigue.

• Loss of weight.

• In advanced stage patient splits blood.

SOURCES:

• Milk from infected cattle and man himself.

• Human sputum.

• Sneezing or coughing.

• Poor food/ hygienic conditions.

• Crowding and over work.

PROCESS:

• The pathogen/ germ of this disease are transferred from infected person to healthy ones either through the air borne droplets resulting from coughing or sneezing, or in foods handled by person suffering from T.B.

• These germs attack lungs, intestine or bones of a person, and weaken the defense mechanism.

CONTROL:

• Improving work and living conditions of the people can control T.B.

• Isolation of T.B patients in hospitals and sanitarium.

• Rest, fresh air, and well-regulated balanced diet can restore health in the case of mild infections.

• In more advanced stages, surgery of lungs is more effective.

• Infants should be immunized with BCG vaccine against T.B.

           

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS

Upper Respiratory Distress (URD)

Children having difficulty breathing often show signs that they are not getting enough oxygen, indicating Respiratory Distress.Respiratory Distress can also be called as breathing problem in which a person does not get enough oxygen from breathing,creating a distress in the respiratory path.Below is a list of some of the signs that may indicate that your child is not getting sufficieant oxygen. It is important to learn the signs of respiratory distress to know how to respond appropriately:

Breathing rate.   
During Respiratory Distress increase in the number of breaths per minute may indicate that a person is having trouble breathing or not getting enough oxygen.

Increased heart rate. 
In respiratory distress low oxygen levels may cause an increase in heart rate. 

Color changes. A bluish color seen around the mouth, on the inside of the lips, or on the fingernails may occur when a person is not getting as much oxygen as needed. The color of the skin may also appear pale or gray.


Grunting.A grunting sound can be heard each time the person exhales. This grunting is the body's way of trying to keep air in the lungs so they will stay open.

Nose flaring. The openings of the nose spreading open while breathing may indicate that a person is having to work harder to breathe.

Retractions. The chest appears to sink in just below the neck and/or under the breastbone with each breath--one way of trying to bring more air into the lungs.

Sweating. There may be increased sweat on the head, but the skin does not feel warm to the touch. More often, the skin may feel cool or clammy. This may happen when the breathing rate is very fast.

Wheezing. A tight, whistling or musical sound heard with each breath may indicate that the air passages may be smaller, making it more difficult to breathe.

Stridor. An inspiratory sound heard in the upper airway.

Accessory muscle use. The muscles of the neck appear to be moving when your child breathes in.

Changes in alertness. Low oxygen levels may cause your child to act more tired and may indicate respiratory fatigue.

Trauma

Trauma is an emotional response to a terrible event like snatching, blasts,accidents, rape, natural disaster, divorce, loved ones death etc.. Immediately after the event, shock and denial are typical. Longer term reactions include unpredictable emotions, flashbacks, strained relationships and even physical symptoms like headaches or nausea. While these feelings are normal, some people have difficulty moving on with their lives. Psycho physiologists can help these individuals find constructive ways of managing their emotions.

After disasters people frequently feel stunned, disoriented or unable to integrate distressing information. Once these initial reactions subside, people can experience a variety of thoughts and behaviors. Common responses can be:

• Intense or unpredictable feelings.

• Changes to thoughts and behavior patterns.

• Sleep and eating patterns also can be disrupted

• Sensitivity to environmental factors.

These “triggers” may be accompanied by fears that the stressful event will be repeated.Strained interpersonal relationships. Increased conflict, such as more frequent disagreements with family members and coworkers, can occur. You might also become withdrawn, isolated or disengaged from your usual social activities.Stress-related physical symptoms. Headaches, nausea and chest pain may occur and could require medical attention.

PSYCHOSIS :

Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose touch with reality. Two of the main symptoms are delusions and hallucinations. Delusions are false beliefs, such as thinking that someone is plotting against you or that the TV is sending you secret messages. Hallucinations are false perceptions, such as hearing, seeing, or feeling something that is not there.

                   
Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder. People with bipolar disorder may also have psychotic symptoms. Other problems that can cause psychosis include alcohol and some drugs, brain tumors, brain infections, and stroke.

Treatment depends on the cause of the psychosis. It might involve drugs to control symptoms and talk therapy. Hospitalization is an option for serious cases where a person might be dangerous to himself or others.

Thalassaemia

Thalassaemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin(the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen). 
The disorder results in excessive destruction of red blood cells, which leads to anemia. 
Hemoglobin is made of two proteins: Alpha globin and beta globin. Thalassemia occurs when there is a defect in a gene that helps control production of one of these proteins. 

There are two main types of thalassemia:

-Alpha thalassemia occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or changed (mutated).

-Beta thalassemia occurs when similar gene defects affect production of the beta globin protein.

Beta thalassemia major is also called Cooley's anemia.

MIGRAINE

Migraine

The pain of a migraine headache can be debilitating.

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms. 

The word derives from the "pain on one side of the head from half and skull".

Typically the headache affects one half of the head, is pulsating in nature, and lasting from 2 to 72 hours. Associated symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell.The pain is generally made worse by physical activity. Up to one-third of people with migraine headaches perceive an aura: a transient visual, sensory, language, or motor disturbance which signals that the headache will soon occur. Occasionally an aura can occur with little or no headache following it.
Migraines are believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors. About two-thirds of cases run in families. Changing hormone levels may also play a role, as migraines affect slightly more boys than girls before puberty, but about two to three times more women than men. The risk of migraines usually decreases during pregnancy. The exact mechanisms of migraine are not known. It is, however, believed to be a neuro vascular disorder. The primary theory is related to increased excitability of the cerebral cortex and abnormal control of pain neurons in the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem.

Initial recommended management is with simple analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) for the headache, an antiemetic for the nausea, and the avoidance of triggers. Specific agents such as triptans or ergotamines may be used by those for whom simple analgesics are not effective. Globally, approximately 15% of the population is affected by migraines at some point in life.

(wikipedia article) 

LEUKEMIA:

LEUKEMIA CELLS

Leukemia or leukaemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts".
Leukemia can affect people at any age. In 2000 approximately 256,000 children and adults around the world had developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 have died from it.
 About 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults.

Cystic fibrosis

CYSTIC FIBROSIS:(CF) Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that particularly affects the lungs and digestive system and makes kids who have it more vulnerable to repeated lung infections.

What Is Cystic Fibrosis?   
CF affects more than 30,000 kids and young adults in the United States. It disrupts the normal function of epithelial cells — cells that make up the sweat glands in the skin and that also line passageways inside the lungs, liver, pancreas, and digestive and reproductive systems.